Electronic component circuit protection uses specific devices and strategies to shield circuits from damage like overcurrent, overvoltage, short circuits, and electrostatic discharge (ESD), ensuring safety, reliability, and longevity by quickly interrupting or diverting harmful electrical energy before it damages sensitive components. These protectors act as a defense system, using components like fuses, varistors, TVS diodes, and PTC thermistors to maintain optimal operating conditions.
Key Threats Protected Against:
- Overcurrent/Overload: Too much current flows (e.g., motor failure), damaging components.
- Overvoltage: Voltage spikes (e.g., lightning, load dumps) exceed safe levels.
- Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): Rapid discharge of static electricity.
- Overtemperature: Excessive heat buildup.
Common Protection Devices:
- Fuses & PTC Thermistors: Blow or increase resistance to stop current flow during overcurrent events.
- Varistors & TVS Diodes (Transient Voltage Suppressors): Clamp or divert excess voltage during surges.
- Gas Discharge Tubes (GDTs): Divert high-energy transients, often used for lightning protection.
- Circuit Breakers (Electronic): Offer precise tripping and faster response than mechanical breakers.